我國(guó)北方大中型沼氣工程運(yùn)行成本主要包括原料費(fèi)、人員工資、加熱費(fèi)、電費(fèi)、水費(fèi)、運(yùn)輸車輛燃油費(fèi)等（設(shè)備折舊沒有計(jì)入）。其中運(yùn)行成本占比較大的為人員工資、原料費(fèi)和加熱費(fèi)，所占比例超過70~90%。

　　The operating costs of large and medium-sized biogas projects in northern China mainly include raw material costs, personnel salaries, heating costs, electricity costs, water costs, transportation vehicle fuel costs, etc. (equipment depreciation is not included). Among them, the operating costs account for a large proportion of personnel salaries, raw material costs, and heating costs, accounting for over 70-90%.

　　下面以內(nèi)蒙古比較有代表性的厭氧消化器容積1000m?，發(fā)酵原料為牛糞的沼氣工程，氣候條件以呼和浩特市為例，重點(diǎn)分析這些主要的成本費(fèi)用。

　　Below is a representative anaerobic digester in Inner Mongolia with a capacity of 1000m ? and a fermentation material of cow manure for biogas engineering. Taking Hohhot city as an example under climatic conditions, the main costs and expenses will be analyzed in detail.

　　一、運(yùn)行成本測(cè)算

　　1、 Calculation of operating costs

　　采用呼和浩特市的氣象資料數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行測(cè)算，其運(yùn)行成本（運(yùn)行成本未將沼氣工程折舊計(jì)算在內(nèi)）測(cè)算如下。

　　Using meteorological data from Hohhot city for calculation, the operating costs (excluding depreciation of biogas projects) are estimated as follows. 

　　（一）1m?沼氣的生產(chǎn)成本

　　（1） Production cost of 1m ? biogas

　　1原料成本0.42元，占總成本的29.4%

　　The raw material cost is 0.42 yuan, accounting for 29.4% of the total cost

　　生產(chǎn)1m?沼氣需0.042m?鮮牛糞，1m?鮮牛糞按10元計(jì)，1m?沼氣的原料成本為：10元×0.042=0.42元。

　　Producing 1m ? of biogas requires 0.042m ? of fresh cow manure, which is calculated at 10 yuan. The raw material cost of 1m ? of biogas is: 10 yuan x 0.042=0.42 yuan. ?

　　2加溫成本0.49元，占總成本的34.3%

　　The heating cost is 0.49 yuan, accounting for 34.3% of the total cost

　　物料增溫是中溫厭氧消化的重要條件，為保證發(fā)酵料液在35℃左右條件下正常發(fā)酵運(yùn)行，需要對(duì)物料進(jìn)行升溫。

　　Material warming is an important condition for mesophilic anaerobic digestion. To ensure the normal fermentation operation of the fermentation broth at around 35 ℃, it is necessary to raise the temperature of the material.

　　（1）物料升溫需熱量?1000m?的厭氧消化器容積，水力滯留期20天，每天需濃度8%的料液50噸，鮮牛糞的干物質(zhì)含量為17%，故需每天加鮮牛糞23.5噸，補(bǔ)充水26.5噸。

　　(1) The heating of materials requires an anaerobic digester with a capacity of 1000m ? of heat, a hydraulic retention period of 20 days, and a daily requirement of 50 tons of feed solution with a concentration of 8%. The dry matter content of fresh cow manure is 17%, so 23.5 tons of fresh cow manure and 26.5 tons of supplementary water need to be added daily. ?

　　a冬季(12～2月)物料升溫需熱量

　　The heat required for material heating in winter (December to February)

　　物料溫度0℃(冬季平均氣溫-10.5℃)，補(bǔ)充水溫10℃。則平均每天物料增溫需熱量為：23.5×1000×(35-0)+26.5×1000×(35-10)=1.485×106kcal

　　The material temperature is 0 ℃ (average winter temperature -10.5 ℃), and the supplementary water temperature is 10 ℃. The average daily heating requirement for materials is: 23.5 × 1000 × (35-0)+26.5 × 1000 × (35-10)=1.485 × 106kcal

　　b春秋季(3～5月和9～11月)物料升溫需熱量物料溫度10℃(春秋季平均氣溫7.1℃)，補(bǔ)充水溫10℃。則平均每天物料增溫需熱量為：23.5×1000×(35-10)+26.5×1000×(35-10)=1.25×106kcal

　　In spring and autumn (March to May and September to November), the required heat for material heating is 10 ℃ (the average temperature in spring and autumn is 7.1 ℃), and the supplementary water temperature is 10 ℃. The average daily heating requirement for materials is 23.5 × 1000 × (35-10)+26.5 × 1000 × (35-10)=1.25 × 106kcal

　　c夏季(7～9月)物料升溫需熱量?物料溫度25℃(春秋季平均氣溫20.9℃)，補(bǔ)充水溫20℃。則平均每天物料增溫需熱量為：23.5×1000×(35-25)+26.5×1000×(35-20)=0.633×106kcald全年合計(jì)?全年物料升溫需熱量為：1.485×106kcal×90+1.25×106kcal×180+0.633×106kcal×90=415.62×106kcal

　　In summer (July to September), the required heat for material heating is 25 ℃ (the average temperature in spring and autumn is 20.9 ℃), and the supplementary water temperature is 20 ℃. The average daily heat demand for material heating is 23.5 × 1000 × (35-25)+26.5 × 1000 × (35-20)=0.633 × 106kcal. The total annual heat demand for material heating is 1.485 × 106kcal × 90+1.25 × 106kcal × 180+0.633 × 106kcal × 90=415.62 × 106kcal

　　（2）罐體保溫需熱量?發(fā)酵罐體保溫補(bǔ)充熱能應(yīng)等于罐體散熱，在此過程中應(yīng)考慮管道散熱損耗。散熱量計(jì)算公式為：Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24?其中λ為導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)，采用聚氨酯發(fā)泡保溫材料，導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)λ=0.0275。?S為罐體散熱面面，罐體尺寸為φ9.93m×13.0m，共一座。其中：?S=(3.14×9.93×13.0+4.965×4.965×3.14)=482.74m2T1為罐內(nèi)料液溫度，T1=35℃。T2為環(huán)境溫度，T2=-10.5℃(冬季)?=7.1℃(春秋季)=20.9℃(夏季)。?B為保溫材料厚度，B=100mm=0.1m。乘3600和24是將1秒的散熱量換算成1晝夜的散熱量。?a、冬季的散熱量Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24×90?=0.0275×482.7×{35-(-10.5)}/0.1×3600×24×90=46965×106J=47.0×106kJ÷4.2=11.2×106kcal

　　(2) The insulation of the tank requires heat, and the supplementary heat energy for the insulation of the fermentation tank should be equal to the heat dissipation of the tank. During this process, the heat dissipation loss of the pipeline should be considered. The formula for calculating heat dissipation is: Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24, where λ is the thermal conductivity and polyurethane foam insulation material is used, with a thermal conductivity of λ=0.0275. S is the heat dissipation surface of the tank body, with a size of 9.93m × 13.0m, and a total of one tank body. Among them, S=(3.14 × 9.93 × 13.0+4.965 × 4.965 × 3.14)=482.74m2T1 is the temperature of the liquid in the tank, T1=35 ℃. T2 is the ambient temperature, T2=-10.5 ℃ (winter)=7.1 ℃ (spring and autumn)=20.9 ℃ (summer). B is the thickness of the insulation material, B=100mm=0.1m。 Multiplying by 3600 and 24 is to convert 1 second of heat dissipation into 1 day and night of heat dissipation. ?a、 The heat dissipation in winter is Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24 × 90=0.0275 × 482.7 × {35- (-10.5)}/0.1 × 3600 × 24 × 90=46965 × 106J=47.0 × 106kJ ÷ 4.2=11.2 × 106kcal

　　b、春秋季的散熱量Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24×90=0.0275×482.7×(35-7.1)/0.1×3600×24×180=57597×106J=57.6×106kJ÷4.2=13.7×106kcal

　　b、 The heat dissipation in spring and autumn is Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24 × 90=0.0275 × 482.7 × (35-7.1)/0.1 × 3600 × 24 × 180=57597 × 106J=57.6 × 106kJ ÷ 4.2=13.7 × 106kcal

　　c、夏季的散熱量Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24×90?=0.0275×482.7×{35-20.9)/0.1×3600×24×90=14554×106J=14.6×106kJ÷4.2=3.48×106kcal

　　c、 Summer heat dissipation Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24 × 90=0.0275 × 482.7 × {35-20.9)/0.1 × 3600 × 24 × 90=14554 × 106J=14.6 × 106kJ ÷ 4.2=3.48 × 106kcal

　　d、全年合計(jì)

　　d、 Annual total

　　空氣相對(duì)溫度取50%，風(fēng)力系數(shù)取3，空隙率取1.2，則全年物料散熱量為：（11.2×106kcal+13.7×106kcal+3.48×106kcal）×50%×3×1.2=51.08×106kcal由于上述計(jì)算未考慮向地面散熱和取樣孔、溢流孔等處的散熱，實(shí)際散熱量至少為理論值的150%，即實(shí)際散熱量為：51.08×106kcal×150%=76.62×106kcal

　　If the relative temperature of the air is taken as 50%, the wind coefficient is taken as 3, and the porosity is taken as 1.2, then the annual material heat dissipation is: (11.2 × 106kcal+13.7 × 106kcal+3.48 × 106kcal) × 50% × 3 × 1.2=51.08 × 106kcal. Since the above calculation does not consider heat dissipation to the ground, sampling holes, overflow holes, etc., the actual heat dissipation is at least 150% of the theoretical value, that is, the actual heat dissipation is: 51.08 × 106kcal × 150%=76.62 × 106kcal

　　（3）室內(nèi)供暖需熱量?每天供暖16個(gè)小時(shí)，一個(gè)供暖季所需的總熱量為：254×100×16×180=73.15×106kcal

　　(3) Indoor heating requires 16 hours of heating per day, and the total heat required for one heating season is: 254 × 100 × 16 × 180=73.15 × 106kcal

　　（4）管道熱損失?按以往的工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)，管道熱損失為總熱量的10%，計(jì)算如下：?(415.62+76.62+73.15)×106kcaI×10%=56.54×106kcal

　　(4) According to past engineering experience, the heat loss of pipelines is 10% of the total heat, calculated as follows: (415.62+76.62+73.15) × 106kcaI × 10%=56.54 × 106kcal

　　（5）總需熱量根據(jù)以上計(jì)算，系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行全年所需熱量為：(415.62+76.62+73.15+56.54)×106kcal=621.93×106kcal?沼氣鍋爐的熱效率取70%，熱值取5000kcal/m?，則系統(tǒng)全年需熱量折合成沼氣為：621193.×106kcal÷5000kcal/m?÷70%=177694m?每1m?沼氣按1元計(jì)，則全年加溫成本為：1元/m?×177694m?=177694元年產(chǎn)氣量360000m?，產(chǎn)1m?沼氣的加溫成本為：177694元÷360000m?=0.494元/m?

　　(5) According to the above calculation, the total heat required for the system to operate throughout the year is: (415.62+76.62+73.15+56.54) × 106kcal=621.93 × 106kcal. The thermal efficiency of the biogas boiler is taken as 70%, and the calorific value is taken as 5000kcal/m ?. Therefore, the annual heat demand of the system is converted into biogas: 621193. × 106kcal ÷ 5000kcal/m ? ÷ 70%=177694m ?. If 1 yuan is calculated for every 1m ? of biogas, the annual heating cost is: 1 yuan/m ? × 177694m ?=177694. The annual gas production is 360000m ?, and the heating cost for producing 1m ? of biogas is: 177694 yuan ÷ 360000m ?=0.494 yuan/m ?

　　3電費(fèi)成本0.12元，占總成本的8.4%

　　The cost of electricity is 0.12 yuan, accounting for 8.4% of the total cost

　　該沼氣工程每天用電量243.94度，每度電的價(jià)格按0.5元計(jì)，合電費(fèi)121.97元。因此，1m?沼氣的用電成本為：121.97元÷1000m?=0.12元/m?

　　The biogas project consumes 243.94 kWh of electricity per day, with a price of 0.5 yuan per kWh, resulting in a total electricity cost of 121.97 yuan. Therefore, the electricity cost for 1m ? of biogas is: 121.97 yuan ÷ 1000m ?=0.12 yuan/m ?

　　4人工成本0.2元，占總成本的14.0%

　　The labor cost is 0.2 yuan, accounting for 14.0% of the total cost

　　沼氣工程雇員3人、每人平均月薪2000元，每月產(chǎn)氣30000m?（1000m?×30），生產(chǎn)1m?沼氣的人工成本為：2000元×3÷30000m?=0.2元/m?

　　There are 3 employees in the biogas project, with an average monthly salary of 2000 yuan per person. The monthly gas production is 30000m ? (1000m ? × 30), and the labor cost for producing 1m ? of biogas is: 2000 yuan × 3 ÷ 30000m ?=0.2 yuan/m ?

　　5維修費(fèi)成本元0.14元，占總成本的9.8%

　　The maintenance cost is 0.14 yuan, accounting for 9.8% of the total cost

　　工程總投資500萬元，按慣例年維修費(fèi)為工程造價(jià)的1%，故維修費(fèi)為500萬元×1%=5萬元。年產(chǎn)沼氣360000m?，則1m?沼氣的維修成本沼氣為：50000元÷360000m?=0.14元/m?

　　The total investment of the project is 5 million yuan, and according to convention, the annual maintenance cost is 1% of the project cost, so the maintenance cost is 5 million yuan x 1%=50000 yuan. If the annual production of biogas is 360000m ?, the maintenance cost of 1m ? biogas is: 50000 yuan ÷ 360000m ?=0.14 yuan/m ?

　　6水費(fèi)等其它費(fèi)用0.06元，占總成本的4.2%

　　Water and other fees are 0.06 yuan, accounting for 4.2% of the total cost

　　年產(chǎn)沼氣360000m?，則1m?沼氣的水費(fèi)、脫硫劑等其它費(fèi)用為：20000元÷360000m?=0.06元/m?

　　If the annual output of biogas is 360000m ?, the water fee, desulfurizer and other expenses for 1m ? of biogas are: 20000 yuan ÷ 360000m ?=0.06 yuan/m ?

　　綜上所述，1m?沼氣的生產(chǎn)成本為：0.42元+0.49元+0.12元+0.20元+0.14元+0.06元=1.43元。

　　In summary, the production cost of 1m ? biogas is 0.42 yuan+0.49 yuan+0.12 yuan+0.20 yuan+0.14 yuan+0.06 yuan=1.43 yuan. ?

　　（二）沼氣工程運(yùn)行總成本

　　（2） Total operating cost of biogas project

　　1m?沼氣的生產(chǎn)成本為1.43元，全年產(chǎn)氣360000m?，總成本為：1.43元×360000=514800元，即51.48萬元。

　　The production cost of 1m ? biogas is 1.43 yuan, and the annual gas production is 360000 m ?. The total cost is 1.43 yuan × 360000=514800 yuan, which is 514800 yuan.

　　注：以上部分成本測(cè)算因地域不同也略有不同，僅供參考，相關(guān)成本測(cè)算應(yīng)以當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況為準(zhǔn)。

　　Note: The above cost estimates may vary slightly depending on the region and are for reference only. The relevant cost estimates should be based on the actual local situation.

　　二、項(xiàng)目管理對(duì)策

　　2、 Project management strategies

　　安排項(xiàng)目一定要慎之又慎，寧缺勿濫，所選項(xiàng)目除應(yīng)符合項(xiàng)目申報(bào)的一般要求外，還應(yīng)滿足以下幾個(gè)條件。

　　When arranging projects, one must be extremely cautious, preferring to be deficient over excessive. In addition to meeting the general requirements for project application, the selected projects should also meet the following conditions.

　　”

　　”

　　1、建設(shè)單位對(duì)改善農(nóng)民生活品質(zhì)或治理環(huán)境污染的意愿強(qiáng)烈。在社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村、新牧區(qū)建設(shè)過程中，有些集體經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力比較強(qiáng)的村、嘎查，為了讓村民過上高品質(zhì)的生活，愿意拿出一些錢來對(duì)沼氣工程的運(yùn)行費(fèi)用給予適度補(bǔ)貼；還有一些業(yè)主由于迫切需要治理畜禽糞便產(chǎn)生的污染問題，因而能夠在一定程度上接受沼氣工程的有限度虧本運(yùn)行。因此，項(xiàng)目安排應(yīng)選符合上述條件的建設(shè)單位。

　　1. The construction unit has a strong desire to improve the quality of life of farmers or control environmental pollution. In the process of building socialist new rural and pastoral areas, some villages and villages with strong collective economic strength are willing to provide moderate subsidies for the operating costs of biogas projects in order to enable villagers to live a high-quality life; Some property owners, due to the urgent need to control the pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure, are able to accept the limited loss operation of biogas projects to a certain extent. Therefore, the project arrangement should select construction units that meet the above conditions.

　　2、建設(shè)單位的沼氣發(fā)酵原料必須有保證且廉價(jià)。要認(rèn)真汲取過去的教訓(xùn)，對(duì)現(xiàn)有養(yǎng)殖數(shù)量不能滿足沼氣工程原料需求的應(yīng)不批或緩批。要實(shí)事求是確定建設(shè)規(guī)模，防止有些業(yè)主為多爭(zhēng)取國(guó)家補(bǔ)助資金，不切實(shí)際地增大建設(shè)規(guī)模。

　　2. The biogas fermentation raw materials of the construction unit must be guaranteed and inexpensive. We should seriously learn from the lessons of the past and not approve or delay the approval of those whose existing breeding quantity cannot meet the demand for biogas engineering raw materials. We should determine the construction scale truthfully to prevent some owners from unrealistically increasing the construction scale in order to obtain more national subsidy funds.

　　3、業(yè)主在沼氣工程周邊有較多地自有土地或周邊設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)的面積較大。沼氣工程的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，很大程度上需要靠沼渣沼液來實(shí)現(xiàn)。在當(dāng)前實(shí)現(xiàn)沼渣、沼液有償銷售比較困難的情況下，若業(yè)主在沼氣工程周邊有較多的自有土地，沼渣、沼液的收益則可由業(yè)主自身獲取。沼氣工程周邊設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)量大時(shí)，有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)沼渣、沼液的高值利用。

　　3. The owner has a large area of self owned land or agricultural facilities around the biogas project. The direct economic benefits of biogas engineering largely rely on biogas residue and slurry. In the current situation where it is difficult to achieve paid sales of biogas residue and slurry, if the owner has a large amount of self owned land around the biogas project, the income from biogas residue and slurry can be obtained by the owner themselves. When there are a large number of agricultural facilities around the biogas project, it helps to achieve high-value utilization of biogas residue and slurry.

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